Karapiru was born in the late 1940s or early 1950s in a nomadic Awá hunter-gatherer community, before they had contact with outsiders. His birth was not officially recorded. At that time, the Awá's ancestral lands were untouched by the outside world, with their people spread across much of Maranhão. However, in the 1960s, the discovery of vast iron ore deposits in nearby Pará led to the construction of a 885-kilometer... see more